• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
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  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a mold-free manufacturing method of a shaped glass article (1) of determined geometry. For this purpose, there is provided a mold-free manufacturing method of a shaped glass article (1), the method comprising at least the following steps: - preparation of a starting glass, - maintenance of the starting glass, - heating a partial zone of the starting glass, so as to obtain in this partial zone a viscosity of the starting glass of between 109 and 104 dPas, in particular between 108 and 104, and so as not to fall below a predetermined spatial viscosity distribution of 1013 dPas of the starting glass at the places where the starting glass is maintained, the heating being carried out by at least one laser beam, and - shaping of the heated starting glass, under the action of a external force, until the predetermined geometry of the glass article is reached, so that the partial area is raised or lowered relative to the surrounding areas and thus a protrusion (10) or a local hollow (e ).
    公开号:FR3024446A1
    申请号:FR1557384
    申请日:2015-07-31
    公开日:2016-02-05
    发明作者:Bernd Hoppe；Georg Haselhorst；Volker Seibert
    申请人:Schott AG；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] The present invention relates to a mold-free manufacturing method of a shaped glass article. A method of making a molded article of shaped glass of predetermined geometry, using a glass article manufactured in accordance with this method, and a shaped glass article. of predetermined geometry, the use of a glass article manufactured in accordance with the method and a shaped glass article.
    [0002] According to the state of the art, processes are used for shaping glass articles from flat glasses, processes which use molds - that is to say which are not carried out without molds with which glass article comes into contact at the end of the molding. Documents US 2010/0107525 A1 and US 2013/0321903 A1 disclose vacuum insulating glazing units in which bosses are formed in the surface of one of the panes of the vacuum insulating glazing unit. These bosses serve as spacers between the panes. The bosses are created by changes in density and volume in the glass, following a local heating. This has the disadvantage that the change in volume may also cause mechanical stress in the glass. Methods of structuring glass surfaces are also known from the following documents: US 5,567,484 A, US 5,978,189 A, US 6,391,213 A (chemical) and US 6,664,503 A. All these processes relate to the structuring of glass for magnetic data carriers or optics. According to US Pat. No. 5,567,484 A, bosses are produced by laser irradiation, similarly to the aforementioned documents, concerning insulating glazings. The problem of mechanical stresses is treated by a narrow process window with respect to the laser pulse power. In contrast, the structure according to US 5,978,189 A is based on evaporation of the glass material. According to US Pat. No. 6,391,213 A, bosses or ribs are first made using a laser. During a subsequent etching operation, they are gnawed first, so that we get hollow at the bosses. According to US Pat. No. 6,664,503 A, such linear recesses, made in the same way, are used as break points for cutting glass in the desired format for data carriers.
    [0003] A method of making bosses by heating the glass is used in accordance with EP 0 690 028 A1 and US 2003/209040 A1 to produce microlenses. US 2010/0000259 A1 essentially describes the bending of glasses using preferably medium wave IR radiation, which is preferably absorbed in the glass. DE 10 2010 020 439 A1 discloses several methods of forming individual glass articles, inter alia using a mold and selecting different temperatures at different locations of the shaped glass body.
    [0004] The document US 2012/0114901 A1 describes a method of manufacturing protective glasses, by bending individual plates through the appropriate choice of temperature distribution and the appropriate choice of mold rays. The shaping process is then completed as soon as the product is in contact with the mold over its entire surface. In WO 2011/000012 A1, the pressing bending of materials with laser heating is described. All these processes require either molds having a very good surface quality, whose manufacture is very complicated and expensive, or a subsequent treatment by sanding and polishing. This requires significant resources and costs. DE 10 2011 050628 A1 describes a bending process without mold, but here the radiation sources are made in the form of radiation burners, and these must be mechanically repositioned according to the bending geometry targeted. DE 10 2007 012146 B4 discloses a laser beam and a scanning mirror, intended to carry the glass plate to be shaped locally at higher temperatures and to shape it under the action of gravity. For this purpose, it is essential to measure the temperatures, because the shaping is controlled by the viscosity which is in direct relationship with the temperature. If DE 10 2007 012146 B4 is followed for thin flat glasses and small surfaces to be shaped, it can be seen that gravity alone is no longer sufficient for shaping because the surface tension keeps the glass in shape. Document WO 2005/042420 A1 discloses a method of manufacturing a molded piece of glass, with a polygonal base surface in the form of a plate and, optionally, at least partially convex, and at least one wing bent along an edge of the base surface, comprising the following steps: - preparation of a planar polygonal glass plate, optionally at least partially convex, - heating of the edge on at least one side of the glass plate, with the aid of a linear burner, up to the softening point of the glass, - bending of the glass edge protruding from the slightly viscous edge along the folding edge, in as the wing of the molded glass piece, until reaching a predetermined angle, - cooling of the molded glass piece. DE 38 37 552 A1 discloses a method of manufacturing a glass product with a smooth surface, wherein a glass plate is applied to a negative mold die having dimensions which correspond to the inner dimensions of the glass product, so that the negative mold die is in contact with the inner peripheral edge area of the glass plate. The outer peripheral area to be shaped of the glass plate is heated to a temperature which is greater than that of the central zone of the glass plate, so that it is deformed on the negative mold matrix under the glass plate. effect of its own weight. The shaped glass plate is pressed by a mold die whose dimensions correspond to the outer dimensions of the glass product.
    [0005] Document WO 2013/055587 A1 also discloses a method of forming a flat glass. The object of the present invention is to find a mold-free manufacturing method of a shaped glass article of predetermined geometry, which overcomes the disadvantages described in the state of the art. On the other hand, the object of the invention is to manufacture economically and simply shaped glass articles having a high surface quality, and in particular to avoid recovery operations. According to the invention, this object is achieved by a mold-free manufacturing method of a shaped glass article of predetermined geometry, the method comprising at least the following steps: - preparation of a starting glass, - maintenance of the glass starting, - heating a partial area of the starting glass, so as to obtain in this partial zone a starting glass viscosity of between 109 to 104 dPas, in particular between 108 and 104, and so as not to pass below a predetermined spatial viscosity distribution of 10 "dPas of the starting glass at the places where the starting glass is held, the heating being effected by at least one laser beam, and - shaping of the heated starting glass, under action of a predetermined external force, until the predetermined geometry of the glass article is reached, so that the partial area is raised or lowered relative to the desired areas. and thus obtain a projection or a local hollow (e). The deformations obtained with the process according to the invention typically have a shell shape, so that a projection on one side is located vis-à-vis a hollow on the other side. The term "without mold" in the sense of the invention means in particular that the heated partial zone does not come into contact with a mold.
    [0006] Advantageous embodiments of the invention are described below. Preferably, only heated zones are shaped, and the neighboring areas of the starting glass are kept in their initial position. Moreover, it is possible to adjust a predetermined viscosity distribution, in that the laser power decreases from the edge to the center of the partial zone. On the other hand, the heating of one or more partial areas of the starting glass can be achieved with a laser power that varies in space and / or time. In this case, at least two deformations spaced laterally from one another can be realized, the laser power being reduced or cut off while the laser beam is sweeping the space between the partial areas which are heated by the laser beam to achieve the different deformations. Preferably, the laser beam is distributed with an optical system laterally on the surface of the starting glass, so as to obtain the predetermined viscosity distribution. Advantageously, the shaping force, in particular a difference in gas pressure between the two opposite faces of the starting glass, is kept constant during shaping. According to an advantageous embodiment, it is also possible to heat a partial zone of the starting glass, the surface of which constitutes a star-shaped, preferably convex, topology zone, this heated partial zone being shaped and the neighboring zones keeping their position relative to the surface of the starting glass.
    [0007] Preferably, a flat glass is used as the starting glass which is shaped by means of the process according to the invention, to obtain a shaped glass article. Preferably, a soda-lime glass, a borosilicate glass or an aluminosilicate glass is used as starting glass.
    [0008] On the other hand, it is also possible to use glasses that can be transformed by ceramization into a glass ceramic. In addition to glass articles made in accordance with the invention, the present invention therefore also relates to glass-ceramic articles made in a similar manner to glass articles. Suitable glasses for this purpose are among others lithium aluminosilicate glasses. According to another mode of implementation of the method, the starting glass is preheated. Preheating is preferably done in a separate oven. According to an advantageous embodiment, the starting glass can be preheated, the preheating being effected at least in a region which includes the zone of the starting glass to be heated to produce the deformation, the heating preferably being carried out at a temperature of at least 300 ° C but remaining below the temperature of the softening point at which the glass reaches a viscosity of 107'6dPa. s. Preferably, the heating parameters, in particular the viscosity of the starting glass to be obtained in the partial zone, and the shaping parameters, in particular the shaping time and the shaping force, are chosen so that the shaping takes place. stops when the starting glass has adopted the predetermined geometry. According to another embodiment of the method, the heating is carried out using at least one burner or by IR radiation.
    [0009] The heating of the partial zone can also be achieved by means of at least one laser beam, knowing that the partial zone is preferably scanned, in particular with a frequency of at least 2 Hz of the laser beam. The entire partial area can be heated simultaneously or successively in time. Preferably, the heating is carried out along a continuous line. The heating can be carried out in such a way that a predetermined thermal gradient is set between the partial zone and the remaining zones of the starting glass. Preferably, the thermal gradient is measured using appropriate measurement methods, in particular with the aid of a thermal radiation sensor, and / or the deformation is measured using appropriate measurement methods, particularly with respect to using optical sensors and / or acoustic sensors. According to one embodiment, several deformations can be carried out on a glass article, by implementing the following actions: - between two immediately adjacent deformations, at least one deformation which is not not immediately close to the two deformations, or knowing that - to carry out immediately adjacent deformations, a time interval of at least 5 seconds is observed during the irradiation of two partial zones, during which the irradiation with the laser beam is interrupted. Subsequently, the force can be exerted in particular by applying an overpressure and / or depression to the heated starting glass. The rest of the force can be exerted by a pressure gradient above the starting glass. It is advantageous to use forces that do not act in areas of glass with viscosities <1013 dPas. According to another aspect, it is proposed a use of the glass article manufactured according to the method previously described: - for electronic devices, in particular as part of a housing or screen - in order to achieve braille characters on glass articles, or - for control panels, in particular for control panels with tactile keys, or - for creating a linear projection or hollow, intended to mark a cursor, or to create a hollow intended to mark a switching control element, in particular to mark a numerical adjustment key, in particular a button to return to the home. According to another aspect of the invention, a shaped glass article, which can be manufactured in particular with a method as described above, has a plate-shaped base shape and a local deformation in the form of a shaped part. which is a protrusion on one side and a recess on the opposite side, the surface of the shaped part having a convexly curved area which is connected to a concave curvature area, the elevation of the protrusion or the depth of the recess being at least 0.1 mm and being at most as large as the width of the deformation, and the minimum wall thickness of the deformation being at least 0.5 times the thickness of the plate-shaped glass article .
    [0010] Advantageously, the glass article has a minimum radius of curvature of the curvature on the edge of the deformation less than the minimum radius of curvature at the center of the deformation. Preferably, the surface is curved in the center of the projection or recess, and in particular the deformation has a continuously curved or curved surface. It is also possible to provide laterally spaced projections formed on the article of glass and arranged so as to represent Braille characters. Advantageously, such a glass article is provided in particular with a control surface and has at least one linear projection or hollow, where at least one sensor, intended to produce a control signal, is preferably associated with the protruding (s) or linear (s). Advantageously, the projection is surrounded by a peripheral hollow or the hollow is surrounded by a peripheral projection. According to an advantageous embodiment, the glass article is provided with a shaped part comprising a hollow or a projection which is curved in the form of a spherical cap, the deviation from an ideal spherical surface being less than 100 μm, preferably less than 75 μm. Furthermore, such a glass article may be in the form of a plate-shaped protective glass for an optical display, in particular a tactile display, preferably of a mobile electronic device, the protective glass having a hollow shaped of the bowl, the recess having a flat bottom to cover the display, and the recess having a depth of at least 0.1 millimeter and at most a depth equal to four and a half times the thickness of the protective glass, and the the edge region of the hollow being curved in a convex shape, and the convex curvature connecting inwardly to a concave curvature, towards the flat bottom. The glass article obtained preferably has no defects (craters) larger than 1 μm, in particular greater than 0.1 μm. The inversion of the action of the force during the application of a new temperature / viscosity gradient also makes it possible to represent other geometries, in particular those which, in already lowered regions, have portions that exceed to the plane of the original glass plate. According to the invention, the glass article manufactured according to the methods according to the invention can be used for electronic devices, in particular to be part of a housing or a screen.
    [0011] Embodiments of the invention The invention will be better understood on studying the detailed description of the nonlimiting preferred embodiments, illustrated by the appended drawings, in which FIG. 1 represents a flowchart of the preferred process steps, FIG. shows the realization of a hollow in a flat glass which is held outside during shaping, as well as a glass article obtained with this method, in a top view in the upper part, and along the line in the lower part, FIG. 3 shows the lowering of an area of a flat glass which is held outside during the shaping, as well as an article of glass obtained with this method, in a top view in the upper part, and along the section line AA in the lower part, -the figure 4 shows the lowering of the edge area of a flat glass which is kept inside during the shaping , as well as a glass article according to the invention, in a top view in the upper part, and along a section line in the lower part, FIG 5 shows the shaping of a flat cap in a flat glass, as well as a glass article according to the invention, in a top view in the upper part, and along the section line AA in the lower part, FIG. 6 schematically shows with the aid of FIG. in which the thicknesses of the starting glass, B = width of the heated zone of the starting glass, and the depth T of a lowered portion are measured, FIG. 7 shows an article of glass in which braille characters are formed; FIG. 8 shows a contour scan of a local projection; FIGS. 9 and 12 show examples of trajectories of a laser beam on the surface of a starting glass; FIG. 10 shows a glass article comprising linear projections; FIG. 11 shows a glass article having a linear recess; FIG. 13 and FIG. 14 show contour sweeps of several deformations located next to one another; FIG. 15 shows a photographic view of a glass article. having a plurality of linear projections, FIG. 16 shows a glass article having a spherical cap-like depression; FIG. 17 shows cross sections of shaped areas of a glass article having a bowl-shaped recess, and Fig. 18 shows a mobile electronic apparatus having a glass article having a cup-shaped recess. Figure 1 shows an exemplary flowchart including preferred process steps for mold-free fabrication of a shaped glass article of predetermined geometry. Thus, it was first predetermined (predefined) the geometry of the glass article to be shaped.
    [0012] Then, a suitable temperature- (viscosity) - timeforce evolution was calculated. This means that it has been determined which part of the starting glass must be heated for how long until which temperature and under which force, until the desired deformation is obtained. The heating had to be carried out with the aid of a laser beam, that is to say that a suitable laser scanner was programmed so as to obtain the desired temperature- (viscosity) -time evolution. The action of the force is regulated by means of the pressure gradient on the glass plate. The starting glass (flat glass) was prepared and maintained at the appropriate locations, and the temperature-(viscosity) -timeforce program was run with shaping of the starting glass to obtain the shaped glass article of predetermined geometry. In a final step, the shaped glass article was removed.
    [0013] Figure 2 shows the realization of a hollow in an aluminosilicate flat glass (shaped flat glass) which was held outside during shaping. The heating of a starting glass (flat glass) was carried out in the partial zone 2 to such a temperature that in this partial zone a viscosity of between 107 and 1013 dPas was obtained, and in the partial zone 3 until at a temperature such that a partial viscosity of between 104 and 108 dPas was obtained in this partial zone. The heating was carried out so as not to go below a viscosity of 1013 dPas of the starting glass, at the places where the starting glass was maintained. The thus heated starting glass was deformed under the action of a force, through a pressure gradient on the glass plate, until the predetermined geometry of the glass article was reached. Figure 3 shows the realization of an asymmetrical hollow in a flat glass (flat glass 1 shaped) which was held outside during shaping. The heating of a starting glass (flat glass) was carried out in the partial zones 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 up to different temperatures, so as to obtain different viscosities in these partial zones. The heating was carried out so as not to go below a viscosity of 1013 dPas of the starting glass, at the places where the starting glass was maintained. The thus heated starting glass was deformed under the action of a weight force, until the predetermined geometry of the glass article was reached. Figure 4 shows the shaping of the edge area of a flat glass which was held inside during shaping. The shaping was controlled only by the time-viscosity-force stress, ie there was no mold contact on a surface, so it is not necessary to provide expensive molds.
    [0014] According to the invention, a flat glass (starting glass) was fed at least in part at a temperature which corresponded to a viscosity of 1013 dPas. Flat glass was kept in a region that was not to be shaped. In this region, the glass retained a viscosity> 10 "dPas, so that there could be no deterioration of the glass surface due to the support.In some regions, the viscosity was lowered so strongly that it caused a "slumping" or lowering of partial areas of flat glass The minimum viscosity values may be in the range of 108 or as high as 105, depending on the thickness of the glass and the degree of deformation desired, and depending on the weight force The time-viscosity-force curve was chosen such that the shaping stopped at a time when the desired shape or a desired intermediate shape was reached according to the predetermined geometry of the glass article. Viscosity gradients and therefore very high temperature gradients are required, which were preferably achieved by laser radiation (laser scanner). Suitable laser sources can use different wavelengths that penetrate to different depths, due to the variable absorption in the starting glass, and therefore act at different depths of the starting glass. However, other sources of heat have also been used, in particular when one wished to obtain a weak deformation, which required a low viscosity gradient.
    [0015] To monitor the temperature distribution, a flat thermal radiation sensor is preferably used. To control the shaping, it is also possible to use sensors that detect the position of the shaped glass. According to one embodiment, these sensors have been used to determine the final geometry. According to another embodiment, these sensors have been used to regulate the process. In particular, ultrasonic sensors and / or optical sensors have been used. The flat glass to be shaped was placed in a frame, so that partial areas could be deformed inside the flat glass. However, the flat glass can also be supported centrally, so that the edges can be shaped. In all cases, the bearing surface was dimensioned such that the flat glass was not deformed in the immediate vicinity of the bearing surface.
    [0016] Depending on the shape to be obtained, it may be advantageous to heat specific points on the flat glass successively in time, in order to use the high viscosity glass as a support for the glass to be shaped. Depending on the length of the lever arm, the corresponding bending point can then be set to an average viscosity, for example in the range from 109 dPas to 108 dPas. In the transition zone between bending points and lowered areas, for example between points B and C in Figure 3, the viscosity must change steadily. The described method allowed to realize any geometries that can be made by lowering. FIG. 5 shows, by way of example, the production of a flat cap in a flat glass 1, which can for example be used for guiding the finger for a touch screen. Here, the heating was carried out in the partial zone 3. The glasses thus shaped were preferably used as protective glasses (cover glasses) in mobile or non-moving electronic devices. The table below indicates the surface properties of glass articles according to the invention which were shaped according to the process according to the invention from flat glass of dimensions 1150 x 850 mm. Thickness 0.7 mm 1.1 mm Thickness tolerance within a glass article <40 μm <50 μm Thickness variation between different glass articles <50 μm <50 μm Overall ripple of the glass article (Warp) <0.05% <0.05% Ripple (waviness) upper side * <150 nm <150 nm Waviness (bottom side) * <150 nm <150 nm 20 * The values were determined using a 0.8 / 8 mm blocking filter from a Zeiss Surfcom 1400 measurement system; sample size 280 x 280 mm. Glass articles according to the invention or glass articles manufactured in accordance with the invention preferably have a thickness tolerance of <50 μm, a thickness variation of <50 μm, a global corrugation (warp) <0 , 05% and a waviness <150 nm (the latter two values relate to the unshaped area of the glass article). With the shaping of glass articles so far described, a region of the glass which has not been heated and therefore softened itself has been deformed. For this purpose, annular zones are heated, and the inner zone which is surrounded by the annular zone is lowered or raised. However, in accordance with the invention, it is especially intended to shape only heated zones and to keep the neighboring areas of the starting glass in their initial position. This has the advantage that the shape of the protrusion or depression can be controlled by the viscosity distribution that can be produced by the laser and can be adjusted almost at will. This makes it possible to manufacture a shaped glass article which has a plate-like base shape, as well as a local deformation in the form of a shaped part which forms on one side a projection 10 and on the opposite side a hollow 11 the surface of the shaped portion having a convexly curved area which is connected to a concavely curved area. The height of the protrusion 10 or the depth of the recess 11 is preferably at least 0.1 millimeter to obtain good haptic properties. On the other hand, the height, respectively the depth, is at most as large as the width of the deformation. The minimum wall thickness of the deformation further corresponds to at least 0.5 times the thickness of the plate-shaped glass article. These characteristics give deformations which guarantee a sufficient mechanical stability of the glass article. In the case of a linear projection or trough, the width is the width of the line. In the case of a protrusion or a circular hollow, for example in the form of a spherical cap, the width corresponds to the diameter of the deformation. For projections and depressions in the form of dots or circles, it is furthermore preferable that the height of the projection or the depth of the recess does not exceed half the diameter of the deformation. When, as described above, only the heated areas of the starting glass are shaped, and the surrounding areas maintain their position, i.e. they are not raised or lowered, a surface of the deformation which is curved or curved continuously. In particular, a curved or curved surface will typically be obtained also at the center of the deformation, i.e. the projection or recess. Preferably, the height of the projection or the depth of the corresponding hollow is between 0.1 and 2.5 mm.
    [0017] In general, because of the control of the viscosity distribution, the minimum curvature radius of the curvature at the edge of the deformation may be less than the minimum radius of curvature at the center of the deformation. The center of the deformation is curved in a convex shape at the level of the projection and in a concave shape at the level of the hollow. Therefore, the method also makes it possible to produce a shaped glass article which has a plate-like base shape and a local deformation in the form of a domed portion which protrudes on one side and a recess. 11 on the opposite side, the height of the projection 10 or the depth of the recess 11 is preferably between 0.1 and 2.5 mm. The surface of the convex portion has a convexly curved zone which is connected to a concave curvature zone, knowing that the minimum curvature radius of the curvature on the edge of the deformation is smaller than the minimum radius of curvature in the center of the curvature. the deformation, as explained above. Thanks to these properties, it is for example possible to produce a projection with a shape which is close to a spherical cap but which has no sharp edges due to the peripheral curvature. Without being limited to the embodiments described, the minimum radius of curvature on the edge is preferably in general between 0.5 mm and 3 mm. By way of example, the following will be described the production of haptic perception writing symbols, especially Braille characters, on glass surfaces. Braille is defined in DIN 32976. The method of locally limited heating of glass bodies by means of laser radiation, with a view to achieving spot-free contact shaping, can be illustrated by way of example by creating braille symbols. In this application, it is the constitution of a fixed irradiation zone with lasers in the range of 300 to 11000 nm, preferably with a radiation in the far-infrared range of 9 800 to 400 nm, for which, in modes described below, a laser beam, whose diameter is set on the target geometry, is sequentially directed to the relevant areas of the glass substrate, for subsequent shaping. If a depression is applied in the irradiation zone, on the opposite side to the input side of the laser beam, by heating the glass to the softening range, local prominences with a height of about 100 pm to 600 pm. The positioning of the laser beam on the individual positions can be achieved for example using galvanometric scanners, diffractive or refractive fixed optical systems, by moving an X / Y table with a laser beam focused statically over lenses. or by combining these variants. For each type of sequential treatment, the laser radiation is preferably substantially reduced, or even cut, during the passage times to another zone to be irradiated, in order to avoid the irradiation and thus the heating of the glass in intermediate zones. which could cause unwanted outlines widening. During singular irradiation of individual increments, the inevitable formation of thermal influence zones may require specific treatment strategies that prevent impacts on subsequent irradiation positions due to thermal conduction in the volume of the glass, causing geometric deviations from the target value. By moving the treatment position, individual elements are then irradiated for example at such intervals that until the treatment of a directly adjacent element, the thermal conduction to the surrounding glass volume has resulted in a temperature drop and therefore an increase viscosity, so that while maintaining the laser parameters, there is as far as possible no disturbing influence on the geometrical dimensions of the shaping. Alternatively, it is possible to perform a power modulation of the laser at local resolution, which can significantly reduce directly a thermal interference treatment points. On the other hand, short-term random or sequential irradiation of all the elements or of several elements in a fast repetitive succession makes it possible to obtain an almost simultaneous heating with a continuous and permanent temperature rise, even in the softening zone. of the glass concerned. In general, without limitation to the example of a Braille writing, it is therefore provided, in accordance with one embodiment of the method according to the invention, that the heating of one or more partial areas of the starting glass s' performs using a laser and with a laser power that varies in space and time. In particular, when making at least two deformations laterally spaced from each other, in the form of recesses or projections, as in the case of Braille character points, the laser power can be reduced or even Preferably, cut while the laser beam sweeps the space between the partial areas that are heated by the laser beam to achieve the different deformations. Laser power that varies in space and time also provides a predetermined distribution of the viscosity in the glass along the surface before or during shaping.
    [0018] Similarly, it is possible to distribute the laser beam with an optical system, laterally on the surface of the starting glass, so as to obtain the predetermined viscosity distribution. For this purpose, corresponding refractive and / or diffractive elements may be used for the optical system.
    [0019] In the concrete example of braille characters, preferably for glass thicknesses typical of this application ranging from about 0.3 mm to 1 mm, the laser irradiation according to an embodiment of the method according to the invention in the wavelength range of 9.6 to 10.6 μm, with intermittent shaping of the individual elements preferably having a focal diameter of about 0.3 to 1.5 mm, with a power application typical of about 0.015 to 0.15 W / cm 2. During the core heating phase, this value may temporarily exceed these values, but it is preferably limited by the destruction threshold of the respective glass.
    [0020] The vacuum applied to exert the necessary shaping force is preferably selected in the range of -0.1 bar to -0.7 bar, or in the range of 0.1 bar to 0.7 bar ambient pressure.
    [0021] In order to be able to also treat glasses with a high coefficient of thermal expansion in this way, without the appearance of cracks, it may be useful to apply a heat treatment prior to the glass processing range, or within a certain temperature range. located below. This can also be achieved with laser radiation (eg high focal diameter in scanning mode) or using conventional heating technologies, such as convection thermal units. In general, without being limited to the embodiment of braille characters, an improvement of the process according to the invention therefore provides that the starting glass is preheated, the preheating being effected at least in one embodiment. region which includes the deformation to be produced, respectively the area of the starting glass to be heated to produce the deformation. Preferably, the heating is carried out up to a temperature of at least 300 ° C., the temperature being able to exceed the transformation temperature TG of the glass but remaining below the temperature of the softening point at which the glass reaches a viscosity of 107 ° C. '6dPa-s. Figure 7 shows by way of example a product that can be manufactured with the method according to the invention. On the glass article 1 in the form of a flat glass, laterally spaced projections 10 which are arranged in such a way that they represent Braille characters 12 are applied with the method. control areas 14. These may in particular be control surfaces for turning on and off a device equipped with the article of glass. In this case, as in the example shown in FIG. 7, a control zone may bear the inscription "On" and the other zone may bear the inscription "Off". Sensitive keys can then be provided on or under the control surfaces, which can be used to turn the power on or off. According to another embodiment of the invention, a glass article as shown by way of example in FIG. 7 has the following characteristics: the glass surface has protrusions 10 in braille form, the projections 10 representing points of the braille writing and having a height in the range of at least 50 μm and preferably up to 800 μm. The projections 10 are made monolithically with the surrounding glass material and are made of the same glass. On the other hand, the surface of the projections is polished with fire. In the case of Braille, the desired protrusions have the form of dots or prominences with a circular edge. As explained, it is advantageous for the surface of the shaped portion to have a convexly curved area which is connected to a concavely curved area, the minimum radius of curvature of the curvature on the edge of the deformation being less than the minimum radius of curvature in the center of the deformation. In the case of a protrusion 10 as it is suitable for Braille type processing, a central convex curvature is connected to a concave curvature on the edge. In this regard, Fig. 8 shows a contour scan of a projection 10, as it can be used for braille characters. The contour sweep extends over a distance x of 45 mm on the projection 10. The projection 10 has a maximum height h of about 0.55 mm.
    [0022] The drawing also shows circles of curvature at the places of maximum curvature in the center and on the edge of the deformation. The circles of curvature are designated by the respective radii of curvature RM and RR. As seen in the figure, the circle of curvature in the center, and thus also the radius of curvature RM, is larger than the circle of curvature of radius RR on the edge of the projection 10. On the other hand, we notice that the implementation of the method according to the invention also makes it possible to perform an inverted deformation on the edge side. Therefore, as in the example of Figure 8, can be provided near the projection 10, a peripheral recess 20 which surrounds the projection 10. Conversely, one can achieve a peripheral projection near a hollow 11. Just like the smaller radii of curvature at the edges, these peripheral deformations can be very advantageous to improve the haptic perception of the deformation. Indeed, the peripheral hollow increases the noticeable height of the projection 10, without it actually exceeds more than the surface. Likewise, there are advantageous applications for protrusions or linear depressions. An exemplary embodiment of such a linear structure will be described below. An exemplary embodiment of local linear shaping geometries will be described below in connection with the shaping of tactile auxiliary elements (palpable ribs) which, by their prominence, facilitate the manual identification on control surfaces, for example of control units in the passenger compartment of motor vehicles or in the field of consumer electronics. The corresponding glass elements then typically have thicknesses of between 0.3 and 1 mm. Here too, the treatment is preferably carried out with laser radiation in the far-infrared range. Suitable wavelengths ranging from 9 800 to 400 nm and continuous, i.e. non-pulsed, laser operation. Appropriate focal diameters of the laser result from the thickness of the starting glass, the power distribution in the focus and the desired geometrical dimension of the haptic structure. During the scanning irradiation, focal diameters in the range of 200 μm to 1000 μm are typically used. The laser power applied is then in the range of about 50 to 200 W. On the other hand, the speed of displacement of the laser focus that is optimal for the core heating depends on other factors, such as the thickness of the laser. glass type, glass type, laser power and the initial temperature of the glass, and is typically in the range of 300 mm / s to 5000 mm / s. Following the contour of the haptic structure, it is then possible to use a speed modulation and / or laser power at local resolution. Depending on the objective, it is possible, for example, to use Gaussian or, for example, rectangular power distributions on the irradiated surface. Again, the force required for contactless shaping of the haptic structures is produced by applying a vacuum with pressures of about -0.1 to -0.6 bar. In general, the shaping force, that is to say in the above example the gas pressure difference acting on the faces of the plate-shaped glass article, is preferably kept constant during shaping. It has been found that a control of the shape and the depth of the deformation can be obtained more precisely by means of an adjustment of the viscosity distribution by means of the adjustment according to the invention of the distribution. side of the average power of the laser. According to one embodiment of the invention, for example to produce projections having a profile similar to that of the example shown in FIG. 8, a predetermined viscosity distribution is adjusted by decreasing the power of the laser since edge towards the center of the partial area. Figure 9 shows an embodiment that can be used for this purpose. The trajectories 30 of the laser beam are seen as lines on the surface of the starting glass. The laser beam irradiates the glass surface with a laser power varying in time and space. The thickness of the lines represents the power of the laser. For this purpose, the laser beam is guided on concentric circular paths on the surface of the starting glass, using a suitable optical system, for example a galvanometric scanner. The line thickness, ie the average laser power, decreases from the edge to the center. Thus, it is obtained that the viscosity increases from the edge to the center. This has the consequence that the deformation is also weaker in the center than on the edge. As a result, a protrusion 10 substantially in the form of a spherical cap or a complementary recess 11, substantially in the shape of a spherical cap, is thus obtained with a constant force. According to another embodiment of the invention, it is also possible to adjust a predetermined viscosity distribution, in that the laser power increases from the edge to the center of the partial zone. Such a distribution is judicious especially for relatively small or linear deformations. Preferably, such a distribution of the laser power is used for deformations with a width of at most 5 millimeters.
    [0023] In addition to a sequential irradiation of the different zones to be shaped, with foci moved by galvanometric scanners, it is also possible to imagine the use of fixed optical systems which generate the corresponding power distribution required over the length and width of the respective individual haptic structures. by decomposing the raw laser beam into a plurality of partially superimposed individual beams, thereby ensuring rapid simultaneous irradiation of the glass body for heating into the softening range of the respective glass. Another possibility of obtaining the predetermined viscosity distribution would be a spiral guidance of the laser beam. In order to also be able to treat glasses having a high coefficient of thermal expansion, without the appearance of cracks, it is advisable to provide for an application of this type possibly a prior thermal treatment to reach the glass processing range or some temperature range below. This can also be achieved by laser radiation (for example with a large focal diameter in scanning mode) or by using conventional heating technologies, for example thermal convector groups. FIG. 10 shows, by way of example of the embodiment described above, a tactile auxiliary element in the form of palpable ribs, in order to provide a haptic mark to the user, for example on control surfaces. . On a control surface of a control unit in the passenger compartment of a vehicle or an aircraft, this tactile auxiliary element comprises at least one projection 10. Here, it is in the form of a linear protrusion 16. or lying down. This element can for example be used for haptic tracking of a cursor. In the example shown in Figure 10, this slider is represented by the printed scale. Such a slider may for example be a volume or sound intensity regulator. As shown in the example of FIG. 10, such a control element can also be advantageously provided with two linear projections 16 arranged next to one another. In this case, the regulation can be performed using the control element in that the user passes his finger between the two linear projections 16. The cursor itself can then be designed for example as a touch key. This touch key can also be disposed on the rear face of the glass article. In the example shown in FIG. 10, there is provided a sensor 18 which is arranged on the rear face of the control surface, in order to generate a corresponding control or adjustment signal, for example to regulate a sound volume or a light intensity.
    [0024] The linear protrusions or the corresponding recesses 11, as well as the circular protrusions of a Braille script have in common that a partial zone is heated and deformed, the surface of which has a star shape in the mathematical sense of the term, while that the surrounding partial areas are not deformed and maintain their position. A star-shaped area is an area in which there is at least one point from which all other points in the area can be reached without leaving the area. In particular, the surface of the heated partial zone can also be a convex zone in the mathematical sense of the term. In this case, it is possible to connect each point of the zone linearly to all the other points, without leaving the zone. A circular zone, as it is heated by the laser beam to create projections for braille dots, has at the same time a star shape and a convex shape. This also applies to rectilinear protrusions, as shown in the example of FIG. 10. In general, without limitation to the exemplary embodiments shown, one embodiment of the invention provides for heating a partial region of the starting glass whose surface constitutes a star-shaped, preferably convex, topology region, this heated partial zone being shaped, and the neighboring zones maintaining their position relative to the surface of the starting glass. Other haptic references will be described below as an example of variant embodiment of circular or annular shape forming geometries. These markers can be used for the local marking of a "back to home" button or, where appropriate, a slider for control surfaces of various electronic devices.
    [0025] Starting from a scanning mode as the preferred method, because of the flexibility and the multitude of geometries, the laser beam displaced here does not alternately describe identical irradiation paths, but continuously modifies the path radii in the form of continuous spirals or concentric rings. To obtain a spherical cap-like depression marking a "return to home button" or, in general, a digital switching element, the partial zone to be heated can be heated with concentric paths of the laser beam according to the example shown in FIG. 9. Suitable focal diameters of the laser depend inter alia on the thickness of the glass and the structural diameter and are preferably from about 0.3 mm to 2 mm for typical dimensions of the thickness. structure in the range of 5 mm to 50 mm, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. This results in adequate laser powers in the range from about 50 W to 600 W. Depending on the irradiation strategy chosen, the representation of the targeted geometry can be done simultaneously over the entire surface of the structural element, for example with a high advance speed of the laser beam (1000 mm / s to 20 000 mm / s), with a possibly small focal diameter and average laser power, well below the deterioration threshold of the respective glass, or at the as a continuous shaping front of symmetrically modifiable partial areas, and in this case the feed rate is low, namely from about 100 mm / s to 1000 mm / s, with laser powers close to the threshold of destruction of glass (with regard to the release of steam and cracks). Instead of scanning processes, the geometries mentioned here can also be achieved by simultaneous irradiation using corresponding fixed optical systems, as already described in connection with the embodiment of "tactile auxiliary elements". Here again, it is possible to obtain clear reductions in treatment time compared to heating with a continuous displacement laser beam, of smaller diameter than the structural geometry, with a very good reproducibility of the laser power distribution in the shaping area. Furthermore, these beam forming technologies have advantageous effects to avoid alternating local heating and cooling as the temperature of the glass increases to the softening range, which is particularly advantageous for materials which are sensitive to such temperature changes, such as glass-ceramics. FIG. 11 shows an exemplary embodiment which is similar to that of FIG. 10 and here comprises a recess 11 made with the method according to the invention. The recess 11 has an annular shape or is in the form of a linear recess 17 whose line is closed and thus forms a ring. Here too, a sensor 18 is associated with the linear hollow 17. More particularly, as in the example of FIG. 10, the sensor 18 is disposed on the rear face of the control surface 14. In the present example, the sensor 18 is under the recess 17. Thus, by touching the article of glass in the hollow, in particular by sliding the finger along the hollow 17, can be produced for example a signal to adjust a sound volume or a light intensity.
    [0026] In general, without limitation to the examples shown, it is therefore provided, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an article of glass, especially in the form of a control surface 14, which has at least one, preferably two linear projections 16 arranged next to one another, or one or more corresponding recesses. It is particularly advantageous that at least one sensor is associated with the projection or recess or with the projections and depressions, in order to produce a control signal, so that by touching a touch zone, a signal is generated. setting. In the example shown in FIG. 8, the sensor 18 is disposed on the opposite face of the plate-shaped glass article between the two projections 17. FIG. 12 shows an embodiment which is similar to that of FIG. FIG. 9 shows the trajectories of the laser beam to obtain a predetermined viscosity distribution in space, with a view to producing an annular recess 11, corresponding to the example shown in FIG. 11. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, FIG. In accordance with the invention, a predetermined viscosity distribution is adjusted by decreasing the average laser power from the edge to the center of the partial area, the modification of the laser power being adjusted by the distance between adjacent paths of the laser beam. In the center of the partial zone which here has an annular shape, the distance between neighboring trajectories is therefore greater than on the outer and inner edge of the partial zone.
    [0027] The invention is particularly suitable for producing not only individual deformations, but in particular several deformations in the form of protrusions 10 with opposite recesses 11 or, depending on the face of the plate-shaped glass article that is viewed, in the form of projections. of recesses with opposite projections. In this respect, it should be noted that the different deformations can be made with very easily reproducible dimensions, although no mold is used for the deformations, but the deformations are produced only by an external force which acts on a softened partial area, especially in the form of a pressure difference. For example, a uniform height of the projections 10 is important to meet the recommended specifications for braille writing. In an exemplary embodiment, a braille script has been made which has a total of seventeen braille points. The table below shows the results. Target values are recommended structural quantities for Braille points. In addition to the target values, the table includes the average value of the structure variables of the braille points made according to the invention, as well as their standard deviation. Target value Mean Standard deviation Diameter [mm] 1.5 1,534 0,027 Distance to [mm] 2,7 2,559 0,001 Distance b [mm] 2,7 2,278 0,021 Braille symbol width [mm] 6,6 6,35 0,081 Height of braille points [mm] 0.6 to 0.7 0.6 0.060 It is seen that in particular the standard deviations are very small. It is above all the height of Braille points which is very homogeneous. The standard deviation here corresponds to 10% of the average value. In general, without limitation to the exemplary embodiment, an embodiment of the invention provides for making several deformations on the glass article, preferably several similar deformations, the standard deviation of the height or the depth of the projections 10, respectively of the hollows 11 of the deformations, being less than 20% of the average value of the heights or depths.
    [0028] To achieve such homogeneity of shape, it is advantageous to reduce as much as possible a possible reciprocal influence of the heating during the shaping of the projections 10 or the recesses 11. For this purpose, an improvement of the invention provides that during the production of several deformations on a glass article, is carried out temporally between the forming of two deformations directly adjacent or closest to one another, at least one deformation which is not immediately adjacent to the two deformations. It is also possible to respect a time interval of at least 5 seconds during the irradiation of two partial zones, in order to carry out deformations directly adjacent or closest to each other, during which time the irradiation with the laser beam is interrupted. Figures 13 and 14 show contour scans for several juxtaposed deformations. These deformations in the form of recesses are arranged in two juxtaposed rows, each having three points. The two figures each represent two contour sweeps which each extend along one of the two juxtaposed rows and therefore pass respectively through three recesses 11. In the example shown in FIG. 13, the recesses 11 have been shaped directly one after the other successively in time. On the other hand, in the example of FIG. 14, the laser was cut off for a period of 20 seconds after the shaping of a recess 11, and it is only then that the following recess 11 was made by heating the corresponding partial area of the starting glass, by means of the laser and under the action of a pressure difference. Whereas in the example of FIG. 13 the depths of the recesses 11 vary between 125 μm and 350 μm, the depths of the example of FIG. 14 vary between 200 μm and 220 μm. Consequently, the spacing in time between the irradiation of the respective partial zones, mentioned above, leads to a much better homogeneity of the geometric dimensions of the deformations. FIG. 15 shows as a further example a plate-shaped glass article 1 having a plurality of linear projections made in accordance with the invention. The projections 10 have a length of 5 mm and a width of 1 mm. With an average height of 0.423 mm, the standard deviation was only 0.037 mm, corresponding to 8.5% of the mean value. A glass article 1 of this type, with haptic linear projections, can for example be used as a control panel in motor vehicles. In general, the invention can be used to shape control strips, especially strips having tactile keys as input elements. The deformations according to the invention then serve as haptic markers. Strips of this type can be used in the automotive field, namely in the passenger compartment, in other vehicles and aircraft, in elevators and on terminals, such as ticket vending machines.
    [0029] It is possible to obtain a great reproducibility not only with respect to the height, but in particular in terms of fidelity of form. Thus, it is possible to produce inter alia projections 10 or hollows 11 in the form of spherical caps whose surface is very close to a spherical shape. This applies in particular for protrusions 10, for the convex curved central zone, and for recesses, for the concave curved central zone. FIG. 16 shows, by way of example, a glass article 1 comprising a hollow 11 of this type, which is formed as a hollow 110 in the shape of a spherical cap. The glass article 1 may in particular be a protective glass for the screen of a mobile electronic device, for example a mobile phone or a tablet-type computer. The hollow 10 is used for the haptic and optical marking of a digital control element 19 of a mobile electronic device, for example a return button to the home for menu guidance. In the example shown, the control element 19 is disposed on the opposite face of the hollow 11. For a hollow 11 in the form of spherical cap, intended for the marking of a button back to the home or, a In general, of a digital control element, the partial zone to be heated can be heated with concentric paths of the laser beam according to the example shown in FIG. 9. According to one embodiment, for a diameter of 11 millimeters and a depth of 0.6 millimeters from the hollow, a gap of less than 50 μm was measured with respect to a spherical shape or a shape ideally spherical cap. According to an improvement of the invention, without limitation to the example shown, there is therefore provided a recess 11 or a projection 10 which are curved in the form of spherical cap, the deviation from an ideal spherical surface being less than 100 i.tm, preferably less than 75 i.tm. This applies respectively to the convex central portion of a projection 10 and correspondingly to the concave portion of a recess 11. As explained above, the invention provides that the deformations produced have a height, respectively a depth, which do not exceed the width of the deformation. Figure 17 shows an example with two illustrations a), b), which respectively show cross sections of two deformation zones of a glass article. In these examples, not only were heated zones shaped and left adjacent areas of the starting glass in their initial position, but as in the example of FIG. 2, a zone in the form of a frame was heated and the zone was lowered. interior surrounded by the frame-shaped area. However, the characteristics and properties described below in relation to the zone heated and softened by the laser also apply in the case where only heated zones are formed and the neighboring areas of the starting glass are left in their position of origin, as is the case of the examples shown in Figures 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 17. In these latter cases, as in the examples shown, the surface is typically curved in the center of the projection On the other hand, in the examples shown in FIG. 17, the peripheral zone of the deformation is connected to a flat central portion. In the example of Fig. A), a hollow was made in a 0.7 millimeter thick starting glass having a depth of 3.8 millimeters. Because of the shaping, the minimum wall thickness is here only 0.279 millimeters, that is to say less than a factor of 0.4 of the starting glass. On the other hand, the hollow 11 of the example of the illustration b) has a depth of 2 millimeters. The minimum wall thickness of the deformation is again 0.413 millimeters. The minimum wall thickness thus corresponds to more than half of the depth of the hollow. On the other hand, the slope of the zone shaped on the edge of the hollow also varies. For the deeper deformation of the illustration, the average angle of the shaped area with respect to the surface normal of the starting glass is 25 °, and in the example of Figure b) it is 35 ° . In the example shown in FIG. 17, in which the unheated central zone of the deformation is also shaped by raising or lowering relative to the surrounding glass, the width of the deformation also depends on the width of the central zone. On the other hand, if only the partial area heated and softened by the laser is deformed, the wall thickness depends not only on the depth or height of the deformation but also on its width. If this principle is applied in FIG. 17, an upward flank would connect directly to the descending side from right to left. For these deformations according to the invention, it is provided that the height of the projection 10 or the depth of the recess 11 is at least 0.1 millimeters and at most equal to the width of the deformation, and that the thickness of the minimum wall of the deformation is at least 0.5 times the thickness of the plate-shaped glass article 1. In the case of projections 10 and cavities 11 in the form of circular surfaces or dots, as shown in the examples of FIGS. 7, 8, 13, 14 and 16, it is preferable that the height or depth of the projection, respectively of the hollow, is at most equal to half the diameter of the deformation, in order to obtain a high stability. Thus, in the example shown in FIG. 8, the width of the projection 10, that is to say the diameter, measured as the spacing of the points from which the height coordinates increase, is about 15 mm. The height is about 0.55 millimeters. Thus, the height is substantially less than half the diameter (7.5 mm). In the example of Figure 14, half the diameter of the recesses 11 is about 0.75 millimeters. The depth is 0.2 millimeters.
    [0030] As a result, the valleys are 0.266 lower than half the diameter. This ratio is also below the limit of a factor of 0.5, provided according to the invention. In connection with FIG. 16, an embodiment of a hollow in the shape of a spherical cap with a diameter of 11 millimeters and a depth of 0.6 millimeters of the recess is also mentioned. Therefore, the ratio between the depth and the half of the diameter here is 0.11 and therefore also less than the predicted upper limit of 0.5. A glass article 1, as shown in FIG. 17, in particular in the image b), can be used particularly advantageously as a protective glass for an optical display, in particular a tactile display, for example a screen for a mobile electronic device, such as a mobile phone or tablet computers. An appropriately made glass article can also be used for optical displays of terminals, for example automatic ticket vending machines, and for optical displays in control panels, for example in vehicles. Here, it is possible to lower the display area in particular with respect to the edge. The lowered central zone of the glass article, located in FIG. 17 to the left of the shaped zone, would thus cover the screen of such an electronic device, preferably of a mobile electronic device. This has the particular advantage that in the region of the optical display, the display screen is better protected against scratches, for example when the device is placed with the protective glass down. FIG. 18 shows an exemplary embodiment of such a mobile electronic device 40, in the form of a mobile phone 41. The mobile phone 41 has a tactile optical display 43 which is covered by a protective glass 100, under the shape of a plate-shaped glass article 1 according to the invention. The protective glass 100 has a recess 11 which is formed as a recess 111 in the form of a bowl with a flat bottom 112. This bottom 112 covers the display 43. The hollow 11 is formed by the fact that an annular zone is heated and softened with a laser, and the zone surrounded by the annular zone is raised or lowered relative to the surrounding areas of the glass. departure, by application of a force. As described above, this force is preferably produced by a difference in gas pressure between the two faces of the starting glass. On the other hand, it is preferable that the shaping is carried out under the action of a constant force, that is to say in particular under the action of a constant pressure difference. In addition, the protective glass 100 may also have a hollow 110 in the form of a spherical cap, as shown in Figure 16 and described with reference thereto, which marks in a haptic form the position of a numerical control element, including a button back to the home. The depth of the hollow 111 is preferably not related to its width, because the width depends to a large extent on the width of the flat central zone 112, which does not influence the thickness of the glass on the edge. deformation. However, as shown in Figure 17, the minimum glass thickness also depends on the ratio between the depth of the hollow and the thickness of the starting glass. To ensure good stability, it is preferably provided that the depth of the hollow 111 is less than 4.5 times the thickness of the protective glass. In comparison, the ratio is 5.4 in the example shown in the image a), whereas in the example of the image b) the ratio thickness of glass-depth is only 2.86, so that good mechanical stability is guaranteed. On the other hand, to obtain good scratch protection of the central zone 112, the depth of the recess is at least 0.1 millimeter. As in the other embodiments of the invention, given the shaping method according to the invention, the edge of the hollow has a convex curvature which is connected more inwardly to a concave curvature, which is preferably connected in the flat bottom of the hollow. Therefore, the invention generally relates, without limitation to the specific embodiments, also to a plate-shaped protective glass 100 for an optical display 43, in particular a tactile display, preferably an optical display, especially a tactile display, a mobile electronic device 40, as well as an electronic device 40, preferably mobile, equipped with the protective glass 100, the protective glass 100 having a hollow 111 in the form of a bowl, the hollow 111 having a flat bottom 112 for cover the display, and the hollow 111 having a depth of at least 0.1 millimeter and at most a depth corresponding to four and a half times the thickness of the protective glass, and the edge zone of the hollow 111 being curved under a convex shape, and the convex curvature connecting to a concave curvature inward towards the flat bottom 112. The curvature of the fire-polished edge area causes the area to be less susceptible to impact and scratching, and improves mechanical stability. In relation to the hollow 111, a display is thus created which is not particularly sensitive to scratches and shocks. On the other hand, the protective glass may also comprise haptic structures according to the invention, for example in the form of the button back to the home, shown in FIG. 18, or other haptic structures, for example in the form of linear projections 16. The shape of the projection or recess, with convex and concave curved zones connecting to each other, which is produced according to the process according to the invention, is particularly advantageous also with regard to chemical prestressing. The rounded surfaces result in a more uniform evolution of the compressive stresses produced with chemical prestressing, and reduce the risk of damage that would extend deeper than the areas of compressive stress and greatly reduce the strength. This relates not only to the specific example of a cup-shaped recess in a protective glass of an optical display, as shown in FIG. 18, but all the embodiments of the invention described herein. Therefore, it is generally provided, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, that the glass article 1 according to the invention can be put under chemical prestressing. For this purpose, the chemical prestressing is carried out in particular after the completion of the shaping.
    [0031] It is obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments shown, but that it can be modified in many ways, in particular by combining the characteristics of the various embodiments. Thus, it is possible to use a variation of the laser power, shown in FIG. 9, also for the embodiment of FIG. 12, comprising a starting glass heated in an annular form, and vice versa, a variation of the density of the trajectories 30 may be used to produce the desired viscosity distribution for a circular hollow, in particular in the form of a spherical cap according to FIG. 9. The recesses according to the invention with a continuous curved surface may also be combined, for example with parts lowered in accordance with FIG. In addition, when using appropriate glasses, the glass articles according to the invention can also be ceramized and thus shaped to obtain corresponding glass-ceramic articles. Concerning the geometry and the surface condition, these glass-ceramic articles correspondingly present all the characteristics of the glass articles described here. Therefore, an improvement of the invention also relates to a glass ceramic article obtainable by ceramizing a glass article according to the invention.
    [0032] List of references 1 Flat shaped glass (formed glass article of predetermined geometry) 2 Medium viscosity zone (107 to 1013 dPas) 3 Low viscosity zone (104 to 108 dPas) 4 Medium viscosity zone (107 to 1013 dPas) 5 Flexural viscosity (107 to 1012 dPas) 6 Transition from low viscosity to flexural viscosity 7 Support (support) 8 High viscosity area (> 1012 dPas) 10 Projection 11 Hollow 12 Braille characters 14 Control zone 16 Linear projection 17 Linear Hollow 18 Sensor 19 Digital Control Element 20 Peripheral Hollow 30 Laser Beam Path 40 Mobile Electronics Device 41 Cell Phone 110 Spherical Shaped Hollow 111 Flat Bottom Shaped Hollow 112 Bottom of 111 AA Cut Line B, C Transition zones between flex points
    权利要求:
    Claims (12)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A method of manufacturing without mold a shaped glass article of predetermined geometry, the method comprising at least the following steps: - preparation of a starting glass, - maintaining the starting glass, - heating a partial area of the glass starting point, so as to obtain in this partial zone a predetermined spatial viscosity distribution of the starting glass of between 109 and 104 dPas, in particular between 108 and 104, and so as not to pass below a viscosity of 1013. dNot starting glass at the places where the starting glass is held, the heating being carried out by at least one laser beam, and - shaping of the heated starting glass, under the action of a predetermined external force, until that the predetermined geometry of the glass article is reached, so that the partial area is raised or lowered relative to the surrounding areas and thus a protrusion (10) or cr them (11) local.
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that one adjusts a predetermined viscosity distribution, in that the laser power decreases from the edge to the center of the partial area.
    [0003]
    3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a partial zone of the starting glass is heated, the surface of which constitutes a star-shaped topology zone, preferably convex, this heated partial zone being shaped. and the neighboring areas maintaining their position relative to the surface of the starting glass.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a flat glass is used as the starting glass.
    [0005]
    5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one uses a soda-lime glass, a borosilicate glass or an aluminosilicate glass as starting glass.
    [0006]
    6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the starting glass is preheated, the preheating taking place at least in a region which includes the area of the starting glass to be heated to produce the deformation, the heating being preferably carried out to a temperature of at least 300 ° C but remaining below the temperature of the softening point at which the glass reaches a viscosity of 107'6dPa s.
    [0007]
    7. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the partial area is scanned with a frequency of at least 2 Hz of the laser beam.
    [0008]
    8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one carries out several deformations on a glass article, knowing that - it is realized temporally between the shaping of two immediately adjacent deformations, at least one deformation which n is not immediately close to the two deformations, or knowing that - to carry out immediately adjacent deformations, a time interval of at least 5 seconds is observed during the irradiation of two partial zones, during which time the irradiation with the laser beam is interrupted.
    [0009]
    9. Use of the glass article manufactured according to a method according to one of the preceding claims, - for electronic devices, in particular as part of a housing or a screen - for braille purposes. on glassware, or - for control panels, in particular control panels having tactile keys, or - for creating a protrusion (16) or a recess (17) intended to mark a cursor, or - to create a hollow intended to mark a switching control element, in particular to mark a numerical adjustment key, in particular a button to return to the home. characters for linear,
    [0010]
    10. An article of shaped glass, which can be manufactured in particular with a method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, which has a plate-shaped base shape and a local deformation in the form of a shaped part which is a protrusion (10) on one side and a recess (11) on the opposite side, the surface of the shaped part having a convexly curved area which is connected to a concavely curved area, the height of the protrusion (10) or the depth of the recess (11) being at least 0.1 millimeters and being at most as large as the width of the deformation, and the minimum wall thickness of the deformation being at least 0.5 times the thickness of the glass article (1) in the form of a plate.
    [0011]
    A glass article according to claim 10, having a shaped portion having a recess (11) or a protrusion (10) which is curved in the form of a spherical cap, the deviation from an ideal spherical surface being less than 100 i.tm, preferably less than 75
    [0012]
    Glass article, in particular according to one of claims 10 and 11, in the form of a plate-shaped protective glass (100) for an optical display (43), in particular a tactile display, preferably a a moving electronic apparatus (40), the protective glass (100) having a trough (111) in the form of a bowl, the recess (111) having a flat bottom (112) to cover the display, and the trough (111) ) having a depth of not less than 0.1 millimeters and a depth of not less than four and a half times the thickness of the protective glass, and the edge region of the trough (111) being curved in a convex form, and the convex curvature connecting inwardly to a concave curvature toward the flat bottom (112).
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    JP6324353B2|2018-05-16|
    US20160031737A1|2016-02-04|
    DE102014110920B4|2016-06-02|
    CN105314826B|2018-12-21|
    US10023489B2|2018-07-17|
    JP2016040221A|2016-03-24|
    FR3024446B1|2019-12-13|
    DE102014110920A1|2016-02-04|
    CN105314826A|2016-02-10|
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    法律状态:
    2016-07-21| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2017-07-24| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2018-07-25| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 4 |
    2019-07-19| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    2020-07-21| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2021-07-27| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE102014110920.1|2014-07-31|
    DE102014110920.1A|DE102014110920B4|2014-07-31|2014-07-31|Shaped glass article of predetermined geometry|
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